Based on the panel data of provinces from 2007 to 2016 in China, the PPSFA model is used for measuring the technical efficiency of provincial logistics industry under the dual constraints of energy consumption and carbon emission, and for analyzing its changes and differences in space and time dimensions. Then this paper further goes on to find and assess its influencing factors from the macro level and meso level, and explores the logic behind its evolution in three different regions. The results show that the technical efficiency of logistics industry is generally low in China, with a downward trend, and the regional differentiation is obvious: the highest in the eastern region, the second in the central region, and the lowest in the western region. Industrial structure, technological innovation capability and average size of logistics enterprises have positive effects on the technical efficiency of logistics industry, while financial support and energy consumption structure in logistics industry have negative effects, and environmental regulation intensity has no significant effects. Logistics industry has gone through scale expansion, and is now at the stage of quality improvement. There are differences with these factors of the technical efficiency of logistics industry at different stages in three regions. The evolution logic of technical efficiency of the logistics industry has regional characteristics. Practicing energy saving and emission reduction, improving and perfecting industrial policies and exploring the special development path of regional logistics industry will be helpful to optimize the technical efficiency and improve the development quality of logistics industry in China.